Abstract Few long-term studies assess the discoloration induced by hydraulic calcium silicate-based cement on dental structures. In addition, as far as we know, no long-term study has assessed the discoloration induced by these cement on composite resin. Objective This in vitro study aimed to assess, during a period of two years, the discoloration potential of different hydraulic calcium silicate-based cements (hCSCs) on the enamel/dentin structure and composite resin restoration. Methodology A total of 40 enamel/dentin discs were obtained from bovine incisors, and 40 composite resin discs (10 mm in diameter × 2 mm thick) were fabricated. A 0.8 mm-deep cavity was made in the center of each disc and filled with the following hCSCs (n=10): Original MTA (Angelus); MTA Repair HP (Angelus); NeoMTA Plus (Avalon); and Biodentine (Septodont). An initial color measurement was performed (T0 - baseline). After 7, 15, 30, 45, 90, 300 days, and two years, new color measurements were performed to determine the color (ΔE00), lightness (ΔL’), chroma (ΔC’), hue differences (ΔH’), and whiteness index (WID). Results For enamel/dentin, the ΔE00 was significant among groups and periods (p<0.05). NeoMTA Plus had the greatest ΔE00. The NeoMTA Plus group had the greatest ΔE00 after two years for composite resin. Significant reduction in lightness was observed for all groups after two years (p<0.05). The most significant WID values were observed after 30 days for Biodentine (enamel/dentin) and MTA Repair HP groups (composite resin) (p<0.05). Conclusions The hCSCs changed the colorimetric behavior of both substrates, leading to greater darkening over time. The Bi2O3 in the Original MTA seems relevant in the short periods of color change assessment.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar in vitro sistemas de irrigação na remoção de pasta de hidróxido de cálcio Ca(OH)2 em dentes monocanalares. Métodos: 60 dentes permanentes foram preparados com instrumentos rotatórios Protaper®, até F3. Os espécimes foram divididos longitudinalmente em duas metades e dois sulcos localizados nas zonas apical e coronal foram criados. A aplicação de Ca(OH)2 nas ranhuras foi avaliada por métodos radiográficos e fotográficos. Após remontagem das metades em molde de silicone, os dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupos experimentais (n = 15), testando-se a remoção do Ca(OH)2: 1 - Canal Brush® (CB); 2 - Helse Utrassonic® (HU); 3 - Irrigação Dinâmica Manual (MDI); 4 - XP-Endo Finisher® (XP). Um volume total de 10 ml de hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% foi utilizado em cada dente. Usando os mesmos métodos, todos os grupos foram pontuados em relação aos remanescentes de Ca(OH)2. A análise estatística foi realizada com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido dos testes U de Mann-Whitney (com correção de Bonferroni). Um valor de p <0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Nenhuma das técnicas foi 100% eficiente nas zonas coronal e apical. CB foi mais eficaz na zona apical. No compto global, HU e CB removeram significativamente mais Ca(OH)2 do que MDI e XP (p <0,05). Conclusão: Globalmente, HU e CB foram mais eficazes, embora sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre elas.

Abstract Objective: To compare in vitro irrigation systems’ efficacy in removing calcium hydroxide paste (Ca(OH)2) in single-root teeth. Methods: Sixty permanent teeth were prepared using ProTaper® rotatory instruments, up to F3. Specimens were split longitudinally into two halves, and two grooves located in the apical and coronal zones were created. Ca(OH)2 application into the grooves was assessed by radiographic and photographic methods. After the halves were reassembled in a silicone mold, teeth were randomly divided into experimental groups (n=15), testing Ca(OH)2 removal: 1 - CanalBrush™; 2 - E1 - Irrisonic tip; 3 - manual dynamic irrigation (MDI); 4 - XP-endo Finisher® (XP). A total volume of 10 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was used in each tooth. Finally, all groups were scored regarding the Ca(OH)2 remnants using the same methods as before. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney U tests (with Bonferroni correction). A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: None of the techniques demonstrated 100% efficacy in both regions. CanalBrush™ was more effective in the apical region. Overall, E1 - Irrisonic tip and CanalBrush™ removed significantly more Ca(OH)2 than MDI and XP-endo Finisher® (p<0.05). Conclusion: Globally, E1 - Irrisonic tip and CanalBrush™ were more effective, although without statistically significant differences between them.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se o uso de um dispositivo organizador de medicamentos eletrônico, mensal, equipado com um despertador, chamado Sistema Eletrônico para Uso Personalizado e Controlado de Medicamentos (Supermed), melhora a adesão à medicação de idosos com hipertensão. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo qualiquantitativo, prospectivo, antes e depois, realizado com 32 pacientes idosos, com diagnóstico de hipertensão, recrutados em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde do Brasil. Resultados: Os principais desfechos foram a melhor adesão à medicação e o controle da pressão arterial após a intervenção com Supermed. Quanto à adesão medicamentosa, 81,2% dos pacientes eram “menos aderentes” no período pré-intervenção, e 96,9% eram “mais aderentes” no período pós-intervenção. Isso significa que 78,1% dos pacientes mudaram de “menos aderentes” para “mais aderentes” após a intervenção com Supermed (p<0,001). As diferenças da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica média entre o dia da intervenção e pós-intervenção foram 18,5mmHg (p<0,0001) e 4,3mmHg (p<0,007), respectivamente, e as diferenças entre as médias da pressões arteriais sistólica e diastólica entre os períodos pré-intervenção e pós-intervenção foram de 21,6mmHg (p<0,001) e 4,7mmHg (p<0,001), respectivamente. Conclusão: O uso de Supermed melhorou de forma significativa a adesão medicamentosa e o controle da pressão arterial em uma população idosa hipertensa.

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine whether the use of a monthly electronic medication organizer device equipped with an alarm clock, called Electronic System for Personal and Controlled Use of Medications (Supermed), improves medication adherence of older adults with hypertension. Methods: This is a quali-quantitative, prospective, before-and-after study performed with 32 older adult patients with diagnosis of hypertension, who were recruited at a Primary Care Unit in Brazil. Results: The main outcome measures were improvement of medication adherence and blood pressure control after intervention with Supermed. Regarding medication adherence, 81.2% of patients were “less adherent” in the pre-intervention period, and 96.9% were “more adherent” in the post-intervention period. This means that 78.1% of patients changed from “less adherent” to “more adherent” after the intervention with Supermed (p<0.001). The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure differences between intervention day and post-intervention were 18.5mmHg (p<0.0001) and 4.3mmHg (p<0.007), respectively, and the differences between mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure between pre-intervention and post-intervention were 21.6mmHg (p<0.001) and 4.7mmHg (p<0.001) respectively. Conclusion: The use of Supermed significantly improved self-reported medication adherence and blood pressure control in a hypertensive older adult population.

RESUMO: Os animais silvestres de vida livre podem albergar uma grande variedade de endoparasitas. Esses animais, quando submetidos a condições de cativeiro podem passar por situações de estresse e desenvolver parasitoses. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a infecção parasitária em mamíferos, aves e répteis silvestres mantidos no Zoológico da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, no Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. A população estudada foi de 76 animais, nos quais 50% (38/76) eram aves, 35,53% (27/76) mamíferos e 14,47% (11/76) répteis, distribuídos em 33 recintos diferentes. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas dos recintos e analisadas em triplicata pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação com solução de Sulfato de Zinco. Como não foi possível analisar em triplicata o material dos recintos 31, 32, 33 os quais alojam as serpentes e o recinto 15 pois o animal veio a óbito, o total de análises foi de 91 amostras. Os resultados demonstraram que 41,76% (38/91) das amostras foram positivas para, pelo menos, um endoparasita da classe Nematoda, Cestoda ou Coccidia. As amostras positivas indicaram a presença de um ou mais parasitas sendo da ordem Strongylida (34,21%), Enoplida e Strongylida (23,68%), apenas Enoplida (23,68%), Cyclophyllidea e Oxyurida (5,26%), apenas Ascaridida (5,26%), Enoplida, Strongylida e Ascaridida (5,26%), e Enoplida e Eucoccidiorida (2,63%). Das amostras positivas 55,26% foram de aves, sendo que ovos de Capillaria sp. foi a principal estrutura identificada, 39,47% de mamíferos apontando que a ordem Strongylida foi a mais prevalente e 5,27% de répteis. O estudo demonstrou que, dentre os parasitas encontrados, aqueles da ordem Strongylida foram os mais frequentes, sendo observada em monoinfecção ou infecção mista em 63,16% das amostras analisadas. Dos animais avaliados, as aves e mamíferos foram os que apresentaram maior quantidade de amostras positivas para endoparasitas. Diante disso, é importante a realização de pesquisas que permitem avaliar a fauna parasitária para que seja possível determinar as condições em que esses parasitas se tornam patogênicos aos animais cativos.

ABSTRACT: Free-living wild animals can host a wide variety of endoparasites. When subjected to conditions of captivity, these animals can go through stressful situations and develop parasites. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify parasitic infection in wild mammals, birds, and reptiles kept at the “Universidade de Caxias do Sul” Zoo, in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The population studied was based on 76 animals, divided into 50% (38/76) birds, 35.53% (27/76) mammals, and 14.47% (11/76) reptiles distributed in 33 different enclosures. Fecal samples were collected from the enclosures and analyzed in triplicate, using the centrifugal-flotation method with a zinc sulfate solution. Samples from the enclosures 31, 32, 33, (where snakes are located), and 15 (animal death), were not analyzed in triplicate, so the total number of analyses was 91 samples. The results showed that 41.76% (38/91) of the samples were positive for at least one class of endoparasites, such as Nematoda, Cestoda, or Coccidia. The positive samples showed the presence of at least one or more parasites from orders Strongylida (34.21%), Enoplida and Strongylida (23.68%), Enoplida only (23.68%), Cyclophyllidea and Oxyurida (5.26%), Ascaridida only (5.26%), Enoplida, Strongylida, and Ascaridida (5.26%), and Enoplida and Eucoccidiorida (2.63%). Considering the positive samples, 55.26% were collected from birds, 39.47% from mammals, and 5.27% from reptiles. Capillaria sp. eggs were the main structure found in birds, and eggs from the order Strongylida were the most found in samples from mammals. This study showed the order Strongylida as the most frequent parasite found in 63.16% of the total samples, established either in isolated or mixed infestations. Also, mammals and birds were those with a greater quantity of positive samples for endoparasites. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of carrying out research assessing the gastrointestinal parasitic fauna in wild animals, so one can determine the conditions under which these parasites become pathogenic to wild animals raised in captivity.

Pharmaceutical care (PC) is in the implementation process in Brazil and Latin America. Synthesis of evidence has been requested for monitoring and evaluating the process regarding the treatment effect. The objective is to build and disseminate a systematic review protocol to make a standard for updating results from pharmaceutical care for hypertension and for other diseases. This is a protocol for systematic review studies regarding a real example of a protocol reasoned in pharmaceutical care for hypertension in primary care. This protocol was delineated grounded in the Cochrane Handbook. Descriptors and words were defined using MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), DeCS (Descriptors in Health Sciences) and Emtree thesaurus, and the search was performed in English, Spanish and Portuguese, without filters, up to March, 27th, 2017. The results were structured in the PRISMA flowchart. Results found from all databases were: the Cochrane Library (n= 202); PubMed (n= 2608); LILACs (n= 909); Embase (n= 1653); Scopus (n=1298); IPA (n=967); and Web of Sciences (n=435). From these, 1688 were duplicate articles. The content of this paper can aid the constant monitoring of pharmaceutical care implementation and contribute to the improvement of the quality and evidence levels of published studies.

Studies that addressed the profile of pharmaceutical activities and behaviors in community pharmacies in the last decades pointed to a gap between community pharmacy practice and the precepts of the profession. Facing the need to analyze whether the new legislation has impacted this scenario, the objective of this study was to describe the general profile and academic profile of community pharmacists, and the profile of the activities they develop, as well as to know their place of work. This is a descriptive study, to which all pharmacists in charge of community pharmacies in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte-MG (n = 1624) were invited. Data collection was performed through a questionnaire validated online, from October to December 2017, via Google Docs®. Responses were obtained from 109 pharmacists, most of them female, aged 31-40 years, being general graduates, and in private institutions. Pharmacotherapeutic follow-up, an activity linked to clinical management, is performed by only 37.60% of pharmacists, evidencing that there is still a lag in relation to the provision of clinical services by community pharmacists. Thus, we emphasize the importance of implementing the precepts established by Brazilian curricular guidelines for undergraduate pharmacy courses which focus on the development of clinical skills, since the insertion of the pharmacist into the health team and the provision of clinical services to the community can add new value to the use of medications, and contribute effectively to their rational use in Brazil.

Resumo O presente trabalho tem por objetivo compreender o projeto de expropriação social do aparelho do Estado brasileiro a partir da análise da ideia de administração gerencial relativa às instituições públicas. Delimitamos nossa investigação entre os anos de 1995 e 2002, quando Fernando Henrique Cardoso esteve à frente do governo no Brasil, levando em consideração o projeto de Reforma do Estado. Portanto, pretendemos perceber a partir da noção de capital-imperialismo quais são as bases teóricas que sustentam a ideia de reforma gerencial protagonizada pelo governo Cardoso.

Abstract This work aims to understand the project of social expropriation of the Brazilian state apparatus, analyzing the notion of managerial administration applied to public institutions. The study observes the period of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s government, between 1995 and 2002, emphasizing the state reform carried out. The work uses the notion of capital-imperialism to identify the theoretical bases that supported the idea of managerial reform that was put into practice at that time.

ABSTRACT Dispensing drug is a moment in which the pharmacist is able to analyze pharmacotherapy and contribute to its rational use. However, research has shown that some pharmacists lack adequate knowledge to perform this service. This study aims to describe a research protocol for a clinical trial to test the effectiveness of a distance learning program to train pharmacists in dispensing drugs. This is a protocol for an open diagnostic, non-randomized, single group clinical trial. A 12-week duration distance learning course was structured on the Moodle platform for training community pharmacists who are registered in the Regional Board of Pharmacy and work as employees or owners in Brazilian community pharmacies. The course curricula involves concepts and practice of dispensing drugs applied to the treatment of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and asthma. Pharmacists are divided randomly into groups, to which previously selected tutors give directions to the discussion and clarify questions. A validated questionnaire is being used before and after the course to measure participants’ knowledge. Participant satisfaction with the course is also being measured. Pharmacists who work in the study headquarters municipality receive two visits from a mystery shopper, before and after the course, to evaluate their performance in dispensing drugs. The virtual platform and the content of the course material were evaluated by judges. The study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. The sample size was estimated to provide desired power for testing the significance of the difference between baseline-to-endpoint change scores. Information about the course is being released through channels such as social networks. The results will be submitted for publication in scientific journals, but information enabling the identification of the study subjects will be kept confidential. The trial has been registered in The Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry with number RBR7mbrp3 on January 15th, 2015.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento de farmacêuticos e verificar suas condutas em relação à dispensação de medicamentos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado em quatro municípios das regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil, que são referência no cenário nacional de saúde e concentram 73,6% da atividade econômica nacional. Farmacêuticos que trabalham em farmácias comunitárias foram convidados a responder um questionário elaborado pelos autores do presente estudo e validado. Os principais desfechos medidos foram o conhecimento farmacêutico, avaliado segundo o número de acertos em um questionário elaborado pelos pesquisadores, e a conduta dos profissionais durante a dispensação de medicamentos. Os dados foram coletados de setembro a dezembro de 2012 e as informações obtidas foram tabuladas em duplicata por dois pesquisadores para posterior análise. 486 farmácias comunitárias foram visitadas, mas apenas 112 profissionais participaram do estudo. Entre os participantes, 78,6% (n = 88) não tinham conhecimento satisfatório para realizar a dispensação de medicamentos, apesar de este mesmo número de farmacêuticos terem afirmado participar de congressos e cursos após a graduação. As principais fontes de informação sobre medicamentos utilizados pelos participantes possuem um baixo nível de evidência científica. A realização de tarefas não diretamente relacionadas à profissão reduz o tempo disponível para o atendimento aos usuários de medicamentos. Além disso, a venda indiscriminada de antibióticos e a comercialização de produtos alheios à saúde descaracterizam o papel do farmacêutico na farmácia comunitária. Existem lacunas no conhecimento dos profissionais, o que limita a realização satisfatória de dispensação de medicamentos. Além disso, o excesso de atribuições e a conduta profissional inadequada comprometem a promoção do uso racional de medicamentos.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the knowledge of pharmacists and check their conduct in relation to dispensing of drugs. This is a cross-sectional study performed in four municipalities from South and Southeast of Brazil, which are reference in health national scenario and concentrate 73.6% of national economic activity. Pharmacists who works in community pharmacies were invited to answer a questionnaire prepared by the authors of this study and validated. The main outcome measured was the pharmaceutical knowledge, rated according to the number of correct answers on that questionnaire prepared by the researchers, and professional conduct in relation to dispensing of drugs. The data collection occurred from September to December 2012 and the information obtained were tabulated in duplicate by two independent researchers for later analysis. 486 community pharmacies were visited but only 112 professionals participated in the study. Among the participants, 78.6% (n = 88) did not have adequate knowledge to perform the dispensing of drugs, despite this same number of pharmacists claiming to have participated in conferences and courses after graduation. The main sources of information on drugs used by participants have a low level of scientific evidence. The performance of non-employment related tasks reduces the time available for the care of medication users. In addition, the indiscriminate sale of antimicrobials and the sale of products other than health, mischaracterize the role of the pharmacist in the community pharmacy. There are gaps in the knowledge of professionals, limiting the satisfactory completion of dispensing of drugs. In addition, the excess of other duties and inadequate professional conduct compromise the promotion of the rational use of drugs.

FUNDAMENTO: Sangramento é uma complicação grave em pacientes tratados para síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) com antitrombóticos e terapias invasivas. Consequentemente, o benefício dessas terapias deve ser analisado contra os potenciais riscos de complicações hemorrágicas. Desta forma, a determinação de um escore para estimar o risco individual de sangramento pode representar uma importante ferramenta na tomada de decisões clínicas. OBJETIVO: Criar e validar um escore de risco de sangramento para pacientes com SCA. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados preditores independentes de sangramento relatados pelo Registro GRACE. Variáveis com odds ratio (OR) > 2,5 nesse Registro somaram 3 pontos (histórico anterior de sangramento), OR=1,5-2,4 somaram 2 pontos (clearance de creatinina< 30 ml/min, sexo feminino) e aquelas com OR < 1,5 somaram 1 ponto (clearance entre 30 e 60 ml/min, a cada 10 anos de idade > 30, infra ou supra-desnivelamento do segmento ST, doença arterial periférica e fumo). O escore foi validado em uma coorte de 383 indivíduos com SCA. Sangramento hospitalar foi definido como queda de hematócrito > 10%, transfusão de sangue > 2 unidades, sangramento intracerebral ou sangramento fatal. RESULTADOS: A incidência de eventos hemorrágicos foi de 3,1% e a estatística-C do escore foi 0,66 (IC95% = 0,52-0,80), indicando capacidade preditiva para esses eventos. Aqueles com escore > 7 apresentaram 6% de incidência de sangramento, comparados com 1,9% se o escore era < 7 (RR=3,2; IC95%=1,04-9,9; p=0,03). Houve uma interação entre um escore > 7 e um maior risco imposto pelo tratamento com Clopidogrel (p=0,02), bloqueadores IIb/IIIa (p=0,06) e revascularização cirúrgica (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O escore discrimina o risco de sangramento e é potencialmente útil na tomada de decisão clínica em SCA.

BACKGROUND: Bleeding is a major complication in patients treated for acute coronary syndromes (ACS) with antithrombotic and invasive therapies. Consequently, the benefit of such therapies should be balanced against the potential risk of hemorrhagic complications. Therefore, a score to estimate individual risk of bleeding might represent an important tool in clinical decision-making. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to create and validate a bleeding risk score for patients with ACS. METHODS: Independent predictors of bleeding reported by the GRACE Registry were utilized. Variables with odds ratio (OR) > 2.5 in that Registry added 3 points (previous history of bleeding), OR = 1.5-2.4 added 2 points (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min, female gender) and those with OR < 1.5 added 1 point (clearance between 30 and 60 ml/min, each 10 years of age>30, ST-deviation, peripheral artery disease and smoking). The score was validated in a cohort of 383 individuals with ACS. In-hospital bleeding was defined as hematocrit fall > 10%, blood transfusion > 2 units, intracerebral bleeding or fatal bleeding. RESULTS: The incidence of bleeding events was 3.1% and the score's C-statistics was 0.66 (95% CI = 0.52-0.80), indicating a predictive ability towards these events. Those with a score > 7 had 6% incidence of bleeding, compared with 1.9% if the score was < 7 (RR = 3.2; 95%CI = 1.04-9.9; p = 0.03). There was an interaction between a score > 7 and greater risk imposed by treatment with Clopidogrel (p = 0.02), IIb/IIIa blockers (p = 0.06) and surgical revascularization (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The score discriminates bleeding risk and is potentially useful in clinical decision-making during ACS.

FUNDAMENTO: Sangrado es una complicación grave en pacientes tratados por síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA) con antitrombóticos y terapias invasivas. Consecuentemente, el beneficio de esas terapias debe ser analizado contra los potenciales riesgos de complicaciones hemorrágicas. De esta forma, la determinación de un escore para estimar el riesgo individual de sangrado puede representar una importante herramienta en la toma de decisiones clínicas. OBJETIVO: Crear y validar un escore de riesgo de sangrado para pacientes con SCA. MÉTODOS: Fueron utilizados predictores independientes de sangrado relatados por el Registro GRACE. Variables con odds ratio (OR) > 2,5 en ese Registro sumaron 3 puntos (histórico anterior de sangrado), OR=1,5-2,4 sumaron 2 puntos (clearance de creatinina < 30 ml/min, sexo femenino) y aquellas con OR < 1,5 sumaron 1 punto (clearance = 30-60 ml/min, a cada 10 años de edad > 30, infra o supra-desnivel del segmento ST, enfermedad arterial periférica y tabaco). El escore fue validado en una cohorte de 383 individuos con SCA. Sangrado intrahospitalario fue definido como caída de hematocrito > 10%, transfusión de sangre > 2 unidades, sangrado intracerebral o sangrado fatal. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de eventos hemorrágicos fue de 3,1% y la estadística-C del escore fue 0,66 (IC95% = 0,52-0,80), indicando capacidad predictiva para esos eventos. Aquellos con escore > 7 presentaron 6% de incidencia de sangrado, comparados con 1,9% si el escore era < 7 (RR=3,2; IC95%=1,04-9,9; P=0,03). Hubo una interacción entre un escore > 7 y un mayor riesgo impuesto por el tratamiento con Clopidogrel (P=0,02), bloqueadores IIb/IIIa (P=0,06) y revascularización quirúrgica (P<0,001). CONCLUSIÓN: El escore discrimina el riesgo de sangrado y es potencialmente útil en la toma de decisión clínica en SCA.

FUNDAMENTO: A interpretação dos resultados de troponina em pacientes com síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) e doença renal é dificultada pelo fato de que a disfunção renal aumenta os níveis de troponina, independente da necrose miocárdica. Embora tenha sido demonstrado que a doença renal em estágio terminal está associada com níveis elevados de troponina T cardíaca (TnT), ainda não é conhecido se esse biomarcador é alterado por níveis menos graves de disfunção renal. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se disfunção renal moderada está associada com elevação dos níveis de TnT em pacientes com SCA. MÉTODOS: Um total de 145 indivíduos com SCA e clearance de creatinina > 30 ml/min foram estudados. O clearance de creatinina foi estimado através da fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault e a TnT foi medida na admissão hospitalar. Disfunção renal moderada foi definida como clearance de creatinina de 30-59 ml/min e TnT positiva como níveis > 0,01 ug/l. RESULTADOS: Nenhuma correlação foi observada entre o clearance de creatinina e TnT (r = - 0,06, P=0,45). Os níveis de TnT foram similares entre indivíduos no primeiro (mediana=0,05 ug/l), segundo (mediana=0 ug/l), terceiro (mediana=0,07 ug/l) e quarto quartis (mediana=0 ug/l) de clearance de creatinina - P=0,63. De forma similar, não houve diferença nos valores de troponina entre indivíduos com disfunção renal moderada (mediana=0,02 ug/l) e indivíduos com função renal normal/quase normal (mediana=0,03 ug/l) - P=0.63. A prevalência de TnT positiva foi similar entre indivíduos com disfunção renal moderada e função renal normal/quase normal (55% vs 52%, P=0,65). CONCLUSÃO: Disfunção renal moderada não está associada com elevação dos níveis de TnT em pacientes com SCA. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2010; 95(5): 600-605)

BACKGROUND: Interpretation of troponin results in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and renal disease is confused by the fact that renal dysfunction increases troponin levels, regardless of myocardial necrosis. Although it has been demonstrated that end-stage renal disease is associated with elevated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels, it is not known whether this biomarker is altered by less than severe degrees of renal impairment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether moderate renal dysfunction is associated with cTnT elevation in patients with ACS. METHODS: One hundred, forty-five individuals with ACS and creatinine clearance > 30 ml/min were studied. Creatinine clearance was estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula and cTnT was measured at hospital admission. Moderate renal dysfunction was defined as a creatinine clearance of 30-59 ml/min and positive cTnT as levels > 0.01 ug/l. RESULTS: No correlation was observed between creatinine clearance and cTnT (r = - 0.06, P=0.45). The levels of cTnT were similar among individuals in the first (median=0.05 ug/l), second (median=0 ug/l), third (median=0.07 ug/l) and fourth quartiles (median=0 ug/l) of creatinine clearance - P=0.63. Similarly, there was no difference in troponin values between individuals with moderate renal dysfunction (median=0.02 ug/l) and individuals with normal/near normal function (median=0.03 ug/l) - P=0.63. The prevalence of positive cTnT was similar between individuals with moderate renal dysfunction and normal/near normal renal function (55% vs 52%, P=0.65). CONCLUSION: Moderate renal dysfunction is not associated with cTnT elevation in patients with ACS. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2010; 95(5): 600-605)

FUNDAMENTO: La interpretación de los resultados de troponina en pacientes con síndromes coronarias agudas (SCA) y enfermedad renal es dificultada debido al hecho de que la disfunción renal aumenta los niveles de troponina, independientemente de la necrosis miocárdica. Aunque se haya sido evidenciada la enfermedad renal en fase terminal está asociada con niveles elevados de troponina T cardíaca (TnT), aún no se conoce si este biomarcador es alterado por niveles menos severos de disfunción renal. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar si la disfunción renal moderada está asociada con la elevación de los niveles de TnT en pacientes con SCA. MÉTODOS: Un total de 145 individuos con SCA y clearance de creatinina > 30 ml/min fueron estudiados. El clearance de creatinina se estimó a través de la fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault y la TnT se midió en la admisión hospitalaria. Disfunción renal moderada se definió como clearance de creatinina de 30-59 ml/min y TnT positiva como niveles > 0,01 ug/L. RESULTADOS: No se observó alguna correlación entre el clearance de creatinina y TnT (r = - 0,06, P=0,45). Los niveles de TnT fueron similares entre individuos en el primero (mediana=0,05 ug/L), segundo (mediana=0 ug/L), tercero (mediana=0,07 ug/L) y cuarto cuartiles (mediana=0 ug/L) de clearance de creatinina - P=0,63. De forma similar, no hubo diferencia en los valores de troponina entre individuos con disfunción renal moderada (mediana=0,02 ug/L) y individuos con función renal normal/casi normal (mediana=0,03 ug/L) - P=0.63. La prevalencia de TnT positiva fue similar entre individuos con disfunción renal moderada y función renal normal/casi normal (55% vs 52%, P=0,65). CONCLUSIÓN: Disfunción renal moderada no está asociada con la elevación de los niveles de TnT en pacientes con SCA. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2010;95(5):600-605)

2,2',4,4',6,6'-hexanitrostilbene (HNS) is a very important high explosive that is used in a range of military, aerospace and industrial formulations owing to its suitable properties. It is an insensitive and thermaly stable explosive that can be produced from 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). This paper shows the characterization of synthesized HNS by different techniques, such as elementary analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and through the determination of the heat of combustion in a calorimeter.

A técnica de pirólise gasosa, em bico de Bunsen, para análise por espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (PIR-G/FT-IR) foi aplicada a diferentes borrachas, incluindo algumas misturas. Foi observado que é possível diferenciar os tipos de elastômeros por meio de análise de produtos gasosos de pirólise, inclusive aqueles que apresentam espectros IR de pirolisados líquidos similares, como é o caso de CIIR e BIIR, NR/SBR e EPDM/SBR, SBR/BR e SBR.

Pyrolysis and infrared spectroscopy (PIR-G/FT-IR) were used for investigating gaseous products of rubber. The results show that this method was suitable to identify different elastomers and elastomer blends, including rubbers that present similar IR spectra of pyrolysed liquid products such as CIIR and BIIR, NR/SBR and EPDM/SBR, SBR/BR and SBR.